Scholars who take the view that proliferation bolsters global stability argue that the spread of nuclear weapons produces three observable effects.2 First, by deterring aggression, nuclear weapons reduce the frequency with which wars occur. Second, nuclear weapons induce caution among leaders in crises. Polakoff submits that economic globalization has led to a form of “global apartheid” and a corresponding emergence of a new “fourth world” populated by millions of homeless, incarcerated, impoverished, and otherwise socially excluded people (Polakoff 2007).
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By Peter M Haas,John a Hird,John A. Hird
ISBN-10: 160871795X
ISBN-13: 9781608717958
Debate sort readers may be robust instructing instruments, yet provided that the readings quite converse to each other; differently, the crux of the controversy is misplaced on scholars.
Peter M. Haas and John M. Hird's Controversies in Globalization solves this factor through inviting 17 pairs of students and practitioners to write down particularly for the quantity, without delay addressing key questions in diplomacy via concise 'yes' and 'no' items on subject matters relating to safety, political economic system, the surroundings, public health and wellbeing, democracy, demography, and social matters. on the request of reviewers, new to this version are 3 chapters masking the monetary predicament, maritime defense, and foreign clash. bankruptcy headnotes written by means of the editors successfully body every one debate and clarify what's at stake from either theoretical and useful views. Concluding dialogue questions in each one bankruptcy inspire severe considering and analysis.
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Controversies in Globalization: Contending Approaches to International Relations by Peter M Haas,John a Hird,John A. Hirdby John 4.3
To its initial goals of safeguarding peace, protecting human rights, establishing the framework for international justice and promoting economic and social progress, in the seven decades since its creation the United Nations has added on new challenges, such as climate change, refugees and AIDS.
While conflict resolution and peacekeeping continue to be among its most visible efforts, the UN, along with its specialized agencies, is also engaged in a wide array of activities to improve people’s lives around the world – from disaster relief, through education and advancement of women, to peaceful uses of atomic energy.
This website offers an overview of some of these issues in depth, and links to other resources where you can get additional information.
Africa
The UN system plays a crucial role in coordinating assistance of all kinds — to help Africa help itself. From promoting the development of democratic institutions, to the establishment of peace between warring nations, the UN is present on the ground supporting economic and social development and the promotion and protection of human rights.
Ageing
The world’s population is ageing: virtually every country in the world is experiencing growth in the number and proportion of older persons in their population. The number of older persons, those aged 60 years or over, has increased substantially in recent years in most countries and regions, and that growth is projected to accelerate in the coming decades.
AIDS
New HIV infections have fallen by 35% since 2000 (by 58% among children) and AIDS-related deaths have fallen by 42% since the peak in 2004. The global response to HIV has averted 30 million new HIV infections and nearly 8 million AIDS-related deaths since 2000. The UN family has been in the vanguard of this progress.
Atomic Energy
More than 30 countries worldwide are operating 444 nuclear reactors for electricity generation and 66 new nuclear plants are under construction. In 2014, 13 countries relied on nuclear energy to supply at least one-quarter of their total electricity.
Big Data for the SDGs
The volume of data in the world is increasing exponentially. New sources of data, new technologies, and new analytical approaches, if applied responsibly, can allow to better monitor progress toward achievement of the SDGs in a way that is both inclusive and fair.
Children
Every child has the right to health, education and protection, and every society has a stake in expanding children’s opportunities in life. Yet, around the world, millions of children are denied a fair chance for no reason other than the country, gender or circumstances into which they are born.
Climate Change![]()
Climate change is one of the major challenges of our time. From shifting weather patterns that threaten food production, to rising sea levels that increase the risk of catastrophic flooding, the impacts of climate change are global in scope and unprecedented in scale.
Decolonization
The wave of decolonization, which changed the face of the planet, was born with the UN and represents the world body’s first great success. As a result of decolonization many countries became independent and joined the UN.
Democracy
Democracy is a universally recognized ideal and is one of the core values and principles of the United Nations. Democracy provides an environment for the protection and effective realization of human rights.
Ending Poverty
While global poverty rates have been cut by more than half since 2000, one in ten people in developing regions still lives on less than US$1.90 a day - the internationally agreed poverty line, and millions of others live on slightly more than this daily amount.
Food
About 795 million people in the world were undernourished in 2014–16. That means one in nine people do not get enough food to be healthy and lead an active life. Hunger and malnutrition are in fact the number one risk to health worldwide — greater than AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis combined.
Gender Equality
Women and girls represent half of the world’s population and, therefore, also half of its potential. Gender equality, besides being a fundamental human right, is essential to achieve peaceful societies, with full human potential and sustainable development.
Health
The United Nations, since its inception, has been actively involved in promoting and protecting good health worldwide. Leading that effort within the UN system is the World Health Organization (WHO), whose constitution came into force on 7 April 1948.
Human Rights
Promoting respect for human rights is a core purpose of the United Nations and defines its identity as an organization for people around the world. Member States have mandated the Secretary-General and the UN System to help them achieve the standards set out in the UN Charter and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
International Law and Justice
The UN continues to promote justice and international law across its three pillars of work: international peace and security, economic and social progress and development, and respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms.
Migration
Since the earliest times, humanity has been on the move. Today, more people than ever before live in a country other than the one in which they were born.
Oceans and the Law of the Sea
Life itself arose from the oceans. The ocean is vast, some 72 per cent of the earth's surface. Not only has the oceans always been a prime source of nourishment for the life it helped generate, but from earliest recorded history it has served for trade and commerce, adventure and discovery.
Peace and Security
Saving succeeding generations from the scourge of war was the main motivation for creating the United Nations, whose founders lived through the devastation of two world wars.
Population
In 1950, five years after the founding of the United Nations, world population was estimated at around 2.6 billion people. It reached 5 billion in 1987 and 6 in 1999. In October 2011, the global population was estimated to be 7 billion.
Refugees
The world is witnessing the highest levels of displacement on record. An unprecedented 59.5 million people around the world have been forced from home. Among them are nearly 20 million refugees, over half of whom are under the age of 18.
Water
Fresh water sustains human life and is vital for human health. There is enough fresh water for everyone on Earth. However, due to bad economics or poor infrastructure, millions of people (most of them children) die from diseases associated with inadequate water supply, sanitation and hygiene.
Youth
As youth are increasingly demanding more just, equitable and progressive opportunities and solutions in their societies, the need to address the multifaceted challenges faced by young people (such as access to education, health, employment and gender equality) have become more pressing than ever.
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